Volcanos

Roundup of Global Volcanic Activity – Ongoing Activity for the week 30 March – 5 April 2022

Aira – Kyushu (Japan) : JMA reported that very small eruptive events were recorded at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 29 March through 4 April. After 2 April, incandescence was observed at night with a high-sensitivity surveillance camera.

Ambae – Vanuatu : On 31 March the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-Hazards (VMGD) reported that explosions at the cone in Ambae’s Lake Voui continued to produce steam and ash emissions. Wet tephra that was also ejected from the cone during this activity remained within the caldera. Light ashfall was reported in nearby villages.

Ambrym – Vanuatu : On 31 March the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-Hazards Department (VMGD) reported that nighttime crater incandescence from Ambrym’s Benbow Crater was no longer visible, though steam emissions persisted.

Bezymianny – Central Kamchatka (Russia) : KVERT reported that a daily thermal anomaly over Bezymianny was visible in satellite images during 26 March through 1 April. Strong fumarolic activity, incandescence at the lava dome, and avalanches were also reported. Dome collapses were detected on 25 and 31 March and ash clouds rose to 4 km (13,000 ft) a.s.l., expanding 40 km E and 20 km SW, respectively.

Dukono – Halmahera : Based on satellite and wind model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 29 March through 4 April ash plumes from Dukono rose to 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, S, E, and ENE.

Fuego – South-Central Guatemala : INSIVUMEH reported that 4-8 explosions per hour were detected at Fuego during 30 March through 5 April, generating gas-and-ash emissions that rose to 4.9 km (16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted as far as 30 km NW, W, SW, and S. Block avalanches descended the Las Lajas (SE), Seca (W), Ceniza (SSW), Taniluyá (SW), Trinidad (S), Honda, and Santa Teresa drainages. At night, incandescence was observed up to 150 m above the crater. Fine ashfall was reported in Panimaché I and II (8 km SW), Morelia (9 km SW), Santa Sofía (12 km SW), Finca Palo Verde, Yepocapa (8 km NW), El Porvenir (8 km ENE), and Sangre de Cristo (8 km WSW). Shock waves from the explosions and rumbling sounds rattled local structures. Based on satellite and wind model data, the Washington VAAC reported that during 29 March through 4 April ash plumes from Fuego rose to 4.9 km (16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, E, SW, S, WNW, WSW.

Great Sitkin – Andreanof Islands (USA) : AVO reported that slow lava effusion at Great Sitkin continued during 30 March through 5 April and low seismicity persisted. Cloud cover prevented views of the volcano most of the week, but slow lava effusion continued; minor flow fronts advanced from the W and S lobes, as well as the E margin.

Ibu – Halmahera : PVMBG reported that the eruption at Ibu continued during 25-31 March. On 30 March at 1048 an ash plume rose 1 km above the summit that drifted S. Roughly 58 avalanches traveled 100-400 m N and NW. The Alert Level remained at a 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay at least 2 km away from the active crater and 3.5 km away on the N side.

Karymsky – Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) : KVERT reported that a thermal anomaly over Karymsky was visible in satellite images during 24-26 March. The volcano was either quiet or obscured by clouds on the other days during 27 March through 1 April.

Kavachi – Solomon Islands : Satellite data showed discolored water around Kavachi on 31 March. The discolored water fanned out to the S over a short distance, though it was not clearly observed due to cloudy weather.

Kikai – Ryukyu Islands (Japan) : JMA reported that eruptive activity continued to be recorded at Satsuma Iwo-jima, a subaerial part of Kikai’s NW caldera rim, during 29 March through 4 April. White gas-and-steam plumes rose 1 km above the crater rim. Surveillance cameras observed nightly incandescence.

Kilauea – Hawaiian Islands (USA) : HVO reported that lava effusion from vents in the lower W wall of Kilauea’s Halema`uma`u Crater continued at variable rates during 30 March through 5 April. Lava from a vent flowed into the active W part of the lava lake and onto the crater floor. Numerous and sustained ooze outs of lava along the lake’s margins; effusion along interior surface fractures persisted during the week but showed decreasing activity. On 31 March a hornito that was forming on the E side of the lake exhibited spattering throughout the day. HVO noted that by 29 March about 64 million cubic meters of lava had been erupted since the current eruption began, raising the crater floor by 96 m (315 ft). The sulfur dioxide emission rate was approximately 3,100 tons/day, based on measurements made on 31 March. During 2-5 April continued ooze outs were occurring along the E half of the crater floor and NW margin, but at a decreased rate, and crustal overturning occurred occasionally on the NW margin.

Kirishimayama – Kyushu (Japan) : JMA reported a high number of volcanic earthquakes just below Shinmoedake (Shinmoe peak, a stratovolcano of the Kirishimayama volcano group). On 31 March the number of volcanic earthquakes increased below Ebino Kogen (located on the NW flank of the Karakunidake stratovolcano, about 5 km NW of Shinmoedake). Fumarolic plumes continued to rise from a fissure on the W flank.

Krakatau – Sunda Strait : PVMBG reported that the eruption at Anak Krakatau continued during 25-31 March. On 1326 on 30 March an eruption that lasted 96 seconds generated a gray-black ash plume that rose 700 m above the summit and drifted NE based on webcam images. White gas-and-steam emissions rose 25-100 m above the summit.

Lewotolok – Lembata Island : The eruption at Lewotolok continued during 25-31 March according to PVMBG. White-and-gray emissions rose 50-500 m above the summit and drifted W and NW. Ash emissions rose 200-500 m above the summit. On 31 March at 1204 an ash plume rose 800 m above the summit and drifted NW according to a ground observer.

Merapi – Central Java : BPPTKG reported no significant morphological changes at Merapi’s summit lava dome during 25-31 March, though the height of the dome below the SW rim had increased by 4 m. Based on photo analyses, the volume of the SW lava dome had a volume of 1.7 million cubic meters while the central lava dome was 2.6 million cubic meters. Seismicity remained at high levels. As many as 118 lava avalanches originating from the SW dome traveled a maximum of 2.5 km down the Bebeng drainage on the SW flank. On 28 March two pyroclastic flows were recorded on a seismogram that descended 2.5 km SW, one of which occurred at 1509. On 1 April a pyroclastic flow at 1500 descended 1.5 km down the SW flank. Based webcam, satellite, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported re-suspended ash that rose to 100 m (300 ft) a.s.l. As many as 37 avalanches were detected, but the distance and direction were not observed.

Nevados de Chillan – Central Chile : Based on satellite and webcam data, isolated ash pulses from Nevados de Chillán were reported by the Buenos Aires VAAC during 31 March that rose to 4.9 km (16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N and NNE. Intermittent hotspots were observed in satellite imagery on 1 April.

Pavlof – Alaska Peninsula, Alaska : AVO reported that weak eruptive activity was ongoing at Pavlof during 30 March through 4 April, and seismic tremor persisted. Weak explosive activity was detected during 31 March and 2-3 April with low-level plumes visible in the mornings, though satellite and webcam views were mostly obscured by clouds. During 3-4 April elevated surface temperatures were detected in satellite images despite the cloudy weather.

Popocatepetl – Mexico : CENAPRED reported that the eruption at Popocatépetl continued during 30 March through 5 April. Each day there were 11-29 diffuse gas-and-steam emissions with ash rising from the crater and drifting S, E, NE, and SE. Based on webcam, satellite and wind models, the Washington VAAC reported ash plumes that rose to 7.3 km (24,000 ft) a.s.l. that drifted E and SE. A moderate explosion was recorded at 2022 on 29 March, resulting in light ashfall in San Pedro Benito Juárez, a municipality of Atlixco. Three volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes were recorded on 30 March at 1129, 1146, and 1514. Intermittent VT earthquakes continued during the week.

Reventador – Ecuador : IG reported that a high level of activity continued at Reventador during 30 March through 5 April, though cloudy weather conditions sometimes prevented visual observations. Gas-and-ash plumes, often observed multiple times a day with the webcam or reported by the Washington VAAC, rose as high as 4.6 km (15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted mainly NW, W, and SW. As many as 68 daily explosions were detected, in addition to long-period (LP) and emission tremors. Daily thermal anomalies were also reported. On clear weather nights, incandescence could be observed in the upper part of the E flank of the volcano. Blocks were recorded rolling 400 m below the crater on all flanks during 4 April, in addition to the incandescence in the crater.

Rincon de la Vieja – Costa Rica : OVSICORI-UNA reported that 10 eruptive events at Rincón de la Vieja had been recorded since 15 March, one of which was detected on 27 March. Between 28 and 29 March a swarm of long-period earthquakes were detected. On 4 April at 1042 an eruption that lasted 1.5 minutes produced a plume, but the height was not observed due to weather conditions.

Ruapehu – North Island (New Zealand) : On 28 March and 5 April GeoNet reported that unrest continued at Ruapehu with elevated levels of tremor and increasing crater lake water temperatures from 32 degrees Celsius to 36 degrees Celsius.

Sangay – Ecuador : IG reported that the eruption at Sangay continued during 30 March through 5 April. Weather clouds and rain often prevented visual and webcam observations, though daily gas-and-ash plumes that rose to 6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, SW, WSW, and NW were identified in satellite images by the Washington VAAC or in webcam views. As many as 96 daily explosions were detected along with frequent long-period events and emission tremors. Daily thermal anomalies were also visible in satellite data. Incandescent material was visible on the flanks in webcam imagery on clear weather days.

Kikai – Ryukyu Islands (Japan) : JMA reported that eruptive activity continued to be recorded at Satsuma Iwo-jima, a subaerial part of Kikai’s NW caldera rim, during 29 March through 4 April. White gas-and-steam plumes rose 1 km above the crater rim. Surveillance cameras observed nightly incandescence.

Santa Maria – Southwestern Guatemala : INSIVUMEH reported that the eruption at Santa María’s Santiaguito lava-dome complex continued during 30 March through 5 April. Incandescence from Caliente crater and the lava flows on the W and SW flanks were visible during the night and early morning, accompanied by weak-to-moderate block-and-ash avalanches along its path down the W, SW, and S flanks that reached the base of the dome. The avalanches generated ash plumes that drifted W. Fine ashfall occurred near the volcano on 3 April, including in San Marcos (8 km SW) and Loma Linda Palajunoj (7 km SW). The smell of sulfur was sometimes detected in Las Marias.

Semeru – Eastern Java : PVMBG reported that the eruption at Semeru continued during 25-31 March. Activity included a pyroclastic flow, ash plumes that rose 300-700 m and drifted mainly N and NW, and gas-and-steam emissions reaching 200-300 m above the summit. Ground observers, webcam images, and satellite data detected ash plumes that rose to 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N and W, according to MAGMA Indonesia and the Darwin VAAC. Avalanches were reported on 1 April. On 3 April a strong thermal anomaly was detected in infrared satellite imagery.

Semisopochnoi – Aleutian Islands (USA) : AVO reported that low-level eruptive activity at Semisopochnoi’s North Cerberus cone continued during 30 March-4 April. Periods of seismic tremor and occasional small explosions were detected daily in seismic and regional infrasound data. Daily minor ash emissions rose no higher than 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and occasional steam emissions were visible in webcam and satellite images; clouds sometimes prevented satellite views.

Sheveluch – Central Kamchatka (Russia) : KVERT reported that a thermal anomaly over Sheveluch was identified in satellite images during 26 March through 1 April. The lava dome continued to grow and strong fumarolic activity, incandescence, and avalanches accompanied this activity.

Sirung – Pantar Island : PVMBG reported that white emissions rose 10-50 m above the summit of Sirung and drifted NE, E, and SE. Seismicity was relatively low and showed a consistent decrease since July 2021.

Suwanosejima – Ryukyu Islands (Japan) : JMA reported that eruptive activity continued to be recorded at Suwanosejima’s Ontake Crater during 29 March through 4 April. As many as 122 explosions were recorded, and crater incandescence was visible nightly. Eruption plumes rose as high as 2.8 km above the crater rim and ejected blocks as far as 900 m from the crater. Ashfall was reported in Toshima village (3.5 km SSW).

Taal – Luzon (Philippines) : PHIVOLCS reported that hot volcanic fluids circulated and upwelled in Taal’s Main Crater lake during 30 March through 6 April, producing plumes that rose as high as 2 km above the lake’s surface and drifted SW. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 265-7,856 tonnes/day during the week. Tremor events persisted daily until 5 April. Three phreatomagmatic bursts from the Main Crater were detected at 1039, 1047, and 1055, based on seismic data and webcam images, which produced plumes 500-900 m tall that drifted SW.

Telica – Sierra de los Marrabios : Based on webcam images, the Washington VAAC reported that on 29 March ash emissions at Telica rose as high as 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W.

Whakaari/White Island – North Island (New Zealand) : On 4 April GeoNet reported that the ash emissions at Whakaari/White Island had not been observed since late February 2022; gas temperatures had declined to below 300 degrees Celsius.

Wolf – Isla Isabela (Galapagos) : IG reported that the eruption at Wolf continued during 30 March through 5 April. Daily thermal alert counts, as many as around 145, indicated active and advancing lava flows.

Yasur – Vanuatu : On 31 March the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported that activity at Yasur continued at a high level of “major unrest.”

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